Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia

Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia G.Srinivasagopalan Gopalsamy, Murali Mohan Mohan, Sudhakar Sankar Tamilnadu, India Abstract Topiramate (sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide) is a broad spectrum newer anti-convulsant. It is also used in prophylaxis of migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain. Acute Myopia and angle closure glaucoma are some of the rare side effects of topiramate. This case highlights the development of myopia in a middle aged patient with alcohol dependence syndrome while he was on topiramate therapy. Keywords: Topiramate, alcohol dependence syndrome, angle closure glaucoma, myopia. INTRODUCTION Topiramate is a sulfamate substituted monosaccharide, a broad spectrum anticonvulsant acting on voltage dependent sodium channels, enhancement of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), decrease in glutamate and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. We (the psychiatrists) use topiramate to treat migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain1. Some of the rare side effects of topiramate are acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. We report a case of topiramate induced transient myopia in a patient who had been started on topiramate for relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35 year old married male, lower middle socio economic status from rural background, working in a private company presented to the outpatient services of our department of psychiatry with 10 years history of alcohol use amounting to dependence and two weeks history of blurred vision and headache. Patient was diagnosed as a case of alcohol dependence syndrome – uncomplicated withdrawal state (F10.30) as per International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ‑10 criteria. He was admitted for detoxification and on eliciting history; it was found that he had been commenced on oral topiramate 50 mg/day 3 weeks previously by a private psychiatrist for his alcohol use. The patient had no history of hypertension, diabetes or glaucoma, he had never worn glasses and there was no history of injury to eyes or head and no history of withdrawal seizures. He was referred to department of ophthalmology for blurred vision. Ophthalmic opinion on the day of admission suggested refractive err ors bilaterally with left eye myopia of -2.5 diopters and right eye myopia of -3.5 diopters with shallow anterior chamber and normal pupils and lens on slit lamp examination and normal intra ocular pressure on tonometry. After this ophthalmologic report, topiramate was stopped immediately by us thinking that it could have induced myopia. Other routine investigations were normal and detoxification with oral lorazepam and thiamine supplementation continued along with motivation enhancement sessions by psychologist. Patient reported gradual clinical improvement in his vision. Repeat ophthalmologic consultation on the 7th day of admission showed significant improvement in visual acuity and refraction with left eye myopia of 0.75 diopters and right eye myopia of 0.75 diopters .Because of our early intervention, angle closure glaucoma was averted in our case. DISCUSSION The most frequently reported side effects for Topiramote are dizziness, mental slowing, somnolence, ataxia, impaired concentration and confusion2. Most of these are transient and observed during the initial weeks of therapy and can be reduced by slow titration of the dose. Anorexia and mild weight loss has been observed during the therapy. Metabolic acidosis, and nephrolithiasis are the other reported side effects. WHO Causality Assessment3 suggests abnormal vision, acute secondary angle closure glaucoma, acute myopia and suprachoroidal effusions are complications of Topiramate therapy. This case highlights and aims to raise awareness that topiramate can cause acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Both are reversible with immediate discontinuation of the drug4. Various authors have also reported these serious complications due to topiramate[4][5][6]. The mechanism for topiramate induced angle closure glaucoma is by ciliochoroidal effusion with forward displacement of the lens â₠¬â€œ iris diaphragm and anterior chamber shallowing, resulting in acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma4]. Topiramate’s weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor activity and prostaglandin mediated effects have also been postulated as possible mechanisms7. Acute myopia up to -9.0 diopters can occur in a matter of hours after starting topiramate, but might take weeks to fully resolve. Whenever a case of myopia with angle closure glaucoma and a shallow anterior chamber is encountered, ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome induced by drugs should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Drug induced myopia has also been associated with promethazine, spironolactone, tetracycline, corticosteroids etc.5. Pupils should not be dilated to prevent further angle closure and possible rise in pressure. Paediatric and developmentally delayed patients who have been started on topiramate should be closely monitored during the first 2 weeks of treatment. It is important for the clinician to educate the patients about this serious adverse effect while prescribing topiramate and advise them to report immediately in the event of visual disturbance. REFERENCES 1V. Shivakumar, N. Jayaram, N. P. Rao, and G. Venkatasubramanian, Successful Use of Add on Topiramate for Antipsychotic Induced Weight Gain, Indian J Psychol Med, 34 (2012), 85-6. 2Y. Mikaeloff, A. de Saint-Martin, J. Mancini, S. Peudenier, J. M. Pedespan, L. Vallee, J. Motte, M. Bourgeois, A. Arzimanoglou, O. Dulac, and C. Chiron, Topiramate: Efficacy and Tolerability in Children According to Epilepsy Syndromes, Epilepsy Res, 53 (2003), 225-32. 3S. A. Zaki, Adverse Drug Reaction and Causality Assessment Scales, Lung India, 28 (2011), 152-3. 4J. E. Craig, T. J. Ong, D. L. Louis, and J. M. Wells, Mechanism of Topiramate-Induced Acute-Onset Myopia and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Am J Ophthalmol, 137 (2004), 193-5. 5T. C. Chen, C. W. Chao, and J. A. Sorkin, Topiramate Induced Myopic Shift and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Br J Ophthalmol, 87 (2003), 648-9. 6H. A. Sen, H. S. OHalloran, and W. B. Lee, Case Reports and Small Case Series: Topiramate-Induced Acute Myopia and Retinal Striae, Arch Ophthalmol, 119 (2001), 775-7. 7C. M. Desai, S. J. Ramchandani, S. G. Bhopale, and S. S. Ramchandani, Acute Myopia and Angle Closure Caused by Topiramate, a Drug Used for Prophylaxis of Migraine, Indian J Ophthalmol, 54 (2006), 195-7.

Rc Cola Marketing Plan Essay

I. Executive Summary The 2013 Marketing Plan of Adobo Connection chain of restaurants outlines an approach in sales promotion as a newly established restaurant in Metro Manila and to sustain in the preceding years of business. Since the establishment couldn’t afford a commercial advertisement, we believe that providing leaflets and other kinds of cheaper advertisement as our sales promotion. To sustain in the preceding years, a product diversification for a new target market is our proposal. The sales target are roughly around P 500, 000, 000 for next year or a 5% projected increase in sales. 1 II. Company Background A. Company History Established by a Harvard Business School graduate, Mr. Jerome Uy, Adobo Connection is a chain of restaurants that showcase the food and feeling of the Filipino home to everyone. Having around P 5, 000, 000 as an initial capital, the first store was opened in November 2010 in Makati. Backed by the same team that won the Best Foreign Franchise in the 2009 Entrepreneur Franchising Awards, Adobo Connection is now one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises having 40 stores in Metro Manila and another 9 stores soon-to-open. 2 A. Company Marketing Organizational Chart 3 B. Current Marketing Situation A. Market Situation Adobo Connection now is one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises and the largest food franchise dedicated to our national dish. The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of the location. The restaurant’s main buyers are Filipinos. They prefer Adobo Connection because of its delicious food at an everyday-affordable price, good ambiance and quick service. B. Company Situation 1. Historical Company Data | 2010| 2011| 2012| Industry Sales| 1 700 000 000| 2 390 000 000| 3 260 000 000| Company Market Shares| 7.05%| 10.04%| 14.11%| Sales Revenue| 120 000 000| 240 000 000| 460 000 000| Row 1 shows the industry sales of the whole adobo restaurant from 2010-2012. Row 2 shows the company market share of Adobo Connection in the entire industry. Row 3 shows the sales revenue of Adobo Connection from 2010-2012. 4 2010| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 120 000 000| 7.05%| Adobo Republic| 80 000 000| 4.70%| Others| 1 500 000 000| 88.23%| Total| 1 700 000 000| 100%| 2011| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 240 000 000| 10.04%| Adobo Republic| 150 000 000| 6.27%| Others| 2 000 000 000| 83.68%| Total| 2 390 000 000| 100%| 2012| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 460 000 000| 14.11%| Adobo Republic| 300 000 000| 9.20%| Others| 2 500 000 000| 76.68%| Total| 3 260 000 000| 100%| C. Competitive Situation Adobo Connection major competitor is Adobo Republic. This competitor has different strategies, valuations, competitive advances and niches in the market. With its niche market and undeniably fair-priced offerings, Adobo Republic has entered the process of expansion and currently has 3 branches, with more to come. And is continuously expanding and creating new stores with great and comfortable ambiance. New home-style meals are currently being developed to offer a wide variety of dishes to their customers. 5 COMPETITIVE LIST OF ADOBO CONECTION AND ADOBO REPUBLIC PRODUCTS AND ITS PRICES ADOBO CONNECTION| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| WITH SOUP & DRINK| Adobo Specialties| Solo Serving| Kuya’s Fried Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Kuya’s Fried Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Chicken Adobo saGata Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Pork/Mix Adobo saGata Meal| 119.00| 135.00| Mama’s Sweet Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Mama’s Sweet Sweet Pork/Mix Adobo| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Chicken Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 119.00| 135.00| ADOBO REPUBLIC| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| ADOBO GALORE(w/ Salted Egg & Tomato)| Solo Serving| Adobo Diablo(Hot & Spicy Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| P120.00| Adobo saGata(Chicken, pork, or Mix w/ Steamed Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Pork (W/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Mix (Chicken, Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Chicken (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Liver (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Squid (w/ Steamed Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Flakes (w/ Adobo Rice)| 100.00| 6 D. Distribution Situation Adobo Connection Franchise main office is located at Jollibee Center 9th floor, San Miguel, Pasig City. It has several stores in Pasig, Manila, Makati, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Taguig, Pasay, Muntinlupa, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon, Calabarzon area, and Cebu. At present, the company has grown from 18 to 45 branches nationwide. There are 8 branches in Manila; 7 branches in Calabarzon area; 5 branches in Quezon City; 4 branches in Makati; 4 branches in Mandaluyong; 2 branches in Pasig; 2 branches in Muntinlupa and 1 branch in Taguig, Pasay, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon and Cebu and others are under construction in some places. E. Macro Environment Situation The Philippines has long been undermined with long-term structural problems such that sustainable economic development is yet to be a dream come true. It has been affected by the crisis in a decline in these aspects: export and foreign direct investments. Heavily dependent on electronic and semiconductor exports, the Philippines has seen a downward trend in its export earnings as countries in demand of these exports are now in recession. Foreign direct investments (FDI) lowered because of investors losing confidence in the financial market. Lower Foreign direct investments mean slower economic growth. Having such power and confidence, Adobo Connection has now reached its popularity in the market world. With the continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation and Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;and Quality control and audits, it achieved lots of development in a short period of time. And it motivates the owners to re-create and conceptualize Adobo Connection to better cater to its market with much more affordable costs than any other adobo restaurant. 7 IV. Opportunity and Issue Analysis A. Opportunity Analysis The main opportunity facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. It is the fastest-growing Filipino franchise as of the current year 2. They expand intensively into other parts of the country. 3. Adobo Connection could add more services to satisfy their customer’s needs and wants. B. Threats Analysis The main threats facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. High competition with mass fast food chain. 2. Some customers prefer a home cooked adobo. 8 C. Main Strength The main strength facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. Serves many variety of adobo’s (pork or chicken; sweet, spicy; wet or dry) 2. It is affordable 3. Concentrated brand identity 4. Great locations of branches 5. Great ambiance 6. Good quality of employees 7. Growing many number of franchise 8. Young and professional managers were selected carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. D. Weakness Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. They do not offer meals that can satisfy group customers 2. Not all Filipino’s know their food chain 9 E. Issue Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. Should the Adobo Connection diversify their product into fried food, family-size sodas, etc in order to sustain their place in the market? 2. Should Adobo Connection enhance their services offered? 3. Should Adobo Connection increase its advertising and promotion expenditures to match competitors’ expenditures? V. Objectives A. Financial Objective 1. Continuous P 1 000, 000, per day sales 2. To achieve the target sales of P 500,000,000 – 600,000,000 at the year of 2015 B. Marketing objectives 1. To promote Adobo Connection with minimum cost of advertising. 2. To expand the number of franchise outlets from 42 up to more in different malls in metro and also in the other places local and international. 3. Create customer’s loyalty though service qualities efficiency. 10 VI. Marketing Strategy A. Target Market Adobo Connection will focus in aiming young adults and adults as their market segment. B. Positioning Adobo Connection will position as offering â€Å"Home quality service, best value yet quantity wise food†. Adobo Connection is a fast-food chain where you can feel your heart most. By diversifying their product adding new services but would maintain good quality of employees, fast service of food, variety of choices and great ambiance to their food chains customers would come back for more. Customer would not look fast food chain as same old monotonous menu again but would truly enjoy the burst of colorful Filipino cuisine. C. Pricing Strategy Adobo Connection will maintain their affordable prices for their target market as young adults with no works or with adults with works but in a tight budget. D. Services Adobo Connection will maintain their good quality services such as the ambiance, great employees ,fast service of food, But we intent to add more services in order to be more known and unique with the other fast food chains. 11 * Bottomless Barako connection- where student and office workers can do their works or share their experiences with their social society by the Wi-Fi connection and unlimited coffee offering. * Suggestion Hotline – where customers can directly speak out their suggestion or even complains. E. Sales Force Adobo Connection will meticulously select their managers carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. There employees most especially cooks are required to be trained with six months of training to master a high quality yet fast services of food. Crews are also mandated to have passion in serving their customer who will treat them as their visitors in their house. F. Distribution Channel Adobo connection will focus on putting their stores inside the mall, near school and beside office buildings. Hopefully they could also put up stores internationally. G. Advertising Adobo connection will use low cost promotion yet would reach their target market. It is the most low cost yet highly effective advertising for small and growing business by using the social media as their medium. 12 VII. Action Program ACTION PROGRAM| PERIOD| ACTIVITIES| PERSON/ DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBLE| BUDGET| 1. SERVICE| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| JANUARY to DECEMBER| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| STORE MANAGERS, OPERATION MANAGERS| P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| JANUARY to DECEMBER| FRANCHISING| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 3.5 Million| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| PRINT ADPOSTERSFLYERSSTREAMERSTARPAULINBROCHURESOCIAL NETWORKSSELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST| MARKETING DEPARTMENT| P 25,539,366| 13 The action program no.1 refers to the BARAKO BOTTOMLESS WIFI CONNECTION, it tells about having a free wifi connection in the store and purchasing the barako coffee bottomless at all day, all night in just 49php only. ADOBO SWAK where in there’s a adobo rice in a cup and on the top there will be a special adobo dish in it, and ice tea also for the drinks in just 45php only. As indicated in action program no.2 our company will have our own website. The website allows the surfers to get more information about our company and updating reports about us this website will feature about our history, corporate, products, franchising, stores, investor’s information and feedback. And also, surfers will be able to email us their comments and suggestions. The operation department will be responsible with thus action program, and the allotted budget is P 125,000. Employee of the month refers to the incentives that the company will give to the employees who will perform their tasks we ll. Every month store managers will be choosing the best employee. The recipient will get an incentive of P 200 worth of gift certificate. This program will be enabling the sales force to do their best and boost their morale. The allotted budget for this is P 117,600. About the citation of the company to the branch which earned an outstanding sales and focus on the product quality, cleanliness and efficient service. The â€Å"Store of the Year† will received P50,000, while the â€Å"Model Store† which is the second place will received P30,000. The person responsible will be the Operation Manager. The allotted budget for this is P80,000. 14 Action program no.3 refers to the Franchising, The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location. For the 5-year franchise fee of P650,000, you receive: ​Use of the Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Site procurement assistance; Store design assistance; Initial recruitment and training for the whole team; Opening team support; ​and the Adobo Connection Operations Manuals.​ For the continuing fees of 5% of sales (2.5% royalties, 2.5% marketing support), you receive:​ Continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation;​Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;​and Quality control and audits.​ As indicated in action program no. 4 our company will develop a new advertising campaign through PRINT AD, POSTERS, FLYERS, STREAMERS, TARPAULIN, and BROCHURE and also in SOCIAL NETWORKS by launching their new menu, the introduction of new product line as well as traditional adobo recipes. SELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST, where in there will be a contest about taking of pictures with their favorite dishes in adobo connection and it will be posted on https://www.facebook.com/adobocon and we will see how many likes will they get and they will have a chance to win different prices. 15 BREAKDOWN OF THE EXPENSES FOR THE ACTION PROGRAM ACTION PROGRAM| ACTIVITIES| BREAKDOWN OF EXPENSES| TOTAL| 1. SERVICE| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| 49php/servingWifi connection plan with phone P1,400 X 12 months X 49 stores = 823,20045php/serving| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| P 200 X 12 months X 49 stores=117,600P 50,000 + P 30,000= 80,000| P 117,600+P 80,000= P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| FRANCHISING| | P 3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location.| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| PRINT ADManila BulletinP 133,799Addt’l. 80% full colorPhilippine StarP 121,600Addt’l. 80% full colorPosters P98/pieceFlyers P 3/pieceStreamers P 400/pieceSelfie AC Contest1st Prize = 10,0002nd Prize= 5,0003rd Prize=3,000| P 133,799 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 121,600 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 98 X 49 stores X 10 pcs./ storeP 3 X 49 stores X 8,000 pcs./ storesP 400 X 20pcs. X 49 storesPhp 18,000 cash prize| TOTAL PRINT ADP 23,905,346+P 48,020P 1,176,000P 392,000+P 18,000TOTAL = P 25,539,366| 16 VIII. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT Projected Profit and Loss Statement Adobo Connection Projected Profit and Loss Statement For the year ended December 2013 Income Net salesP372 000 000 Royalties and Franchise fees___8 450 000 Total sales380 450 000 Expenses Cost of Sales: Inventory, January 1 P1 420 000 Purchases 57 000 000 Total available for sales 58 420 000 Inventory, December 31 1 690 000 60 110 000 Operating Expenses: Salaries and Wages 2 000 000 Sales Promotion 180 000 Rent Expense 9 600 000 Light and Water 1 920 000 Licenses and fees 120 000 Depreciation and Amortization 45 000 Repair and Maintenance 35 000 Miscellaneous _ _ 420 000 14 320 000 Income from Operation 74 430 000 Internet Expense 31 500 000 Income before Income Tax 24 600 000 56 100 000 17 IX. Control A. Efficiency Control 1. Predictability a. Rational people need to know what to expect b. Satisfaction of taste and benefits of the customer 2. Distribution Efficiency a. Manage the service time of food b. The taste and freshness of food when it reaches to the customers 3. Awareness efficiency a. Hands-on manager who keeps an eye on the inventory and staff and uses her calculator and brain to make sure the food is priced fairly and b. prepared accurately and served efficiently 4. Market efficiency a. Observe the pricing of food 18 B. Budget Control 1. Check the financial reports every month of the year 2. Monthly monitoring of menu pricing to accommodate any inflation the restaurant is absorbing from its suppliers, or periodically discontinues menu items that are too expensive to make as a result of inflation. 3. Monitor the sales and markets of the company every quarter of the year 19 C. Appendices Places| Adobo Connection| Adobo Republic| Makati| 4| 2| Quezon| 5| 1| Mandaluyong| 4| 1| Pasig| 2| 1| Manila| 8| 1| Pasay| 1| | Muntinlupa| 2| | Las Pinas| 1| | Paranaque| 1| | Caloocan| 1| | Malabon| 1| | Calabarzon| 7| | Cebu| 1| | Taguig| 1| | Total Number of Stores 39 6 20

Describe and explain the cause and effects of sea level change on coastal landforms

The main effect of rising and lowering of sea level is the movement of the position of the coast. As sea level rises, the coastline is moved toward the land. Geologists refer to this movement as a transgression. Conversely, if the sea level drops, the coastline moves out toward the sea, or a regression. The effect of transgressions is most readily seen as the sea floods, river or glacial valleys, forming drowned valleys or fjords, respectively. Although not prominent on our coasts, this is a common feature on the East Coast of the United States. There are two classes of sea level movement, localized or eustatic. Localized sea level changes only affect a limited area of coastline and can be caused by tectonic movements or rapid influx (or removal) of sediment. Eustatic changes refer to the removal or addition of water to the entire global ocean system, thus lowering or raising sea levels worldwide. Eustatic changes are brought on by the removal and locking up of ocean water in glaciers, or by major plate tectonic movements causing changes in the volume of the ocean basins. One example of the latter is that during time of rapid sea-floor spreading, the spreading centers become warmer and rise, thus lowering the volume of the oceans. The reasons for sea levels change usually come after an ice age, as the temperature rises, snow and ice begin to melt globally. This affects different areas differently, as the melting of the ice can cause either transgression or regression. In Scotland where the ice during the ice age produced a lot of pressure and pushed the land down, the land was now free to move back up, causing landforms such as raised beaches. The south of England during this time will sink slightly, due to Scotland rising. This coupled with the sea level rising means that features such as dalmatian coasts and rias, in other countries such as Norway, this can cause Fjords. Raised beaches, as the land rose, former wave cut platforms and their beaches were moved out of reach from the beach. Raised beaches can be found on the west coast of Scotland and are characterised by a line of cliffs behind a formally wave cut platform. Along these cliffs you may find old landforms such as wave cut notches, caves and arches, the fact that these landforms exist show that isostatic uplift could not have been constant, and so the land raised and there was a pause between the first uplift and a second uplift. During the ice age some rivers continued to flow, and these cut their valleys downwards to the lower base level, as the ice melted the sea level rose, this caused the flooding of the lower parts of the valley and its tributaries to produce sheltered, winding inlets called rias. Dalmatian coasts are found when the drowned tributaries and valleys ran parallel to the coast rather than at a right angle like rias. Fjords are formed when glaciers cut below the sea level and when the ice melted they flooded to form long, deep, narrow inlets with precipitous sides and hanging valleys (fjords are drowned glacial troughs).

Computer Operating And Networking Systems - 1462 Words

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Who Else Is Misleading Us About Clep College Composition Essay Topics?

Who Else Is Misleading Us About Clep College Composition Essay Topics? Top Clep College Composition Essay Topics Choices A crystal clear strategy is essential to writing a prosperous persuasive essay. In essay two, you may use those sorts of evidence to turn your case, but you have to also use both of the passages offered in the question. The difference between both is, evidently, the accession of an essay within this version. It is, obviously, the addition of the essays in this version. The very first step in writing a persuasive essay actually occurs before you commence drafting. The more detailed your outline is, the simpler it is going to be to compose your essay. There is a superb selection of topics for essays and are prepared to provide you with a help which have any of them, as our creative authors are perfectly very good at various fields of study. Video and text lessons tackle all parts of essay writing. Other People Quite frequently the people which are closest to us fear us achieving our objectives. Everyone is not too fortunate. Locate some men and women who believe you are able to do it and allow them to support you in moments of doubt. That way no-one will have the ability to judge me. It could sound obvious, but you've got to understand which questions you missed (and furthermore why you missed them) to have the ability to avoid making the exact mistakes again once you take the actual test. Each lesson is self-paced, so you are able to finish the course on your own moment. You may know everything that's going to be covered on the test and it won't do you any good on test day if you haven't had an opportunity to practice. The only means I passed this test was supposed to fail the very first time. Clep College Composition Essay Topics - the Story Additionally, the exam demands familiarity with research and reference abilities. If you answer the above mentioned questions, you will have an Intro already written. The CLEP Official Study Guide is the sole official CLEP guide made by the test developers. Placement tests are vital to any three-year graduation program. The objective of the CLEP test is to use a standardized testing procedure to make an objective evaluation of a test taker's knowledge and abilities. To start, if you're able to hold a conversation with somebody, then it's possible to pass this part of the CLEP. It usually means that whenever you've been worried about your upcoming CLEP test, you may rest easy IF you've got a great strategy for knowing what things to study and how to effectively utilize repetition to your benefit. The rating is scaled between 20 and 80 and one needs to find no less than 50 to pass the exam. Top Clep College Composition Essay Topics Secrets Those who haven't shouldn't read this short article, because it's full of spoilers. With detailed immediate feedback for quiz answers, it is easy to learn something new about clep with each question you attempt. The bulleted lists under each topic are supposed to be representative instead of prescriptive. You're going to be given two excerpts from other publications, or even two mini-essays which you'll be requested to read. You have to cite the sources whether you're paraphrasing or quoting. You'll have to source both articles in your essay utilizing inline citations. Another form of fear is the fear of succeeding. If this is the case, you could be experiencing a mild form of what's referred to as test anxiety. If you should do something which takes you right beyond your comfort zone for the very first time, which might well install fear into you. So now you've got to select your side. Clep College Composition Essay Topics - What Is It? The ideal plan is a study program. Simple to navigate, so have a look around and locate an area you're weak on. Deficiency of Skill In order to move forwards you might have to pick up skills on the way. The very first step is acquiring credits. The Truth About Clep College Composition Essay Topics You're going to be billed for the differ ence if fees are increased. In case it helps, I'm a NYS resident. You might purchase at least one of these online or at your community college bookstore. A couple of the schools listed above provide a master degree program. For instance, there is EESA evaluation practice. They don't understand how to set goals. In this instance the goal has to be reassessed. Your target also has to be specific regarding your major.

The European Model Worth Emulating The United States

In your estimation, could self -regulation be effective in protecting data privacy or does it need to be supplemented by laws and regulations? Is the European model worth emulating in the United States? In my estimation I think that the self-regulation need to be added by laws, because it is built on a pure-market model to preserve consumer privacy, consumer confidence, and raise business’ owner revenues. However, it is uncertain whether the competitive market model, utilized as an argument in favor of industry self-regulation, is applicable, due to the fact that, some consumers lack of basic understanding of Internet privacy. I don’t think it benefit for businesses to protect their privacy, if consumers do not understand the basics of†¦show more content†¦European consumers have the authority to sue companies that don t follow the practices of these regulations. What is your general assessment of cookie and spyware technologies? Should there be some legal limits on how these technologies are used? There are some tiny data files that are being put on your hard drive by Web sites when you visit them called cookies. Basically cookies are not bad. Cookies have been used to store login information about a user in order to perform authentication, to identify you as a distinctive visitor by identifying your Web browser software, to track a user’s behavior. When your go back to the Web site that has keep in reserve a cookie, it will try to find your computer for those cookies, and they will know what you were doing in the past. This way the site can customize its contents depending on previous activities. In theory, a cookie only transmits information back to the Web site that put it there and can’t be accessed by other parties. But some Internet advertising companies had crossed the limits of using their own cookies. These companies u se cookies to create highly sophisticated profiles of online visitors, most of the time without visitors’ knowledge and usually without their consent. Cookies are not Spyware at all because most of them have a legitimate purpose to help the owners of web sites save your personal settings and customizations so that when you return to theShow MoreRelatedIndustrialisation in India2972 Words   |  12 Pagesand adaptable  labour. As industrial workers incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial  investment  and  economic growth. 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Strategic Planning and Implementation Ethic Reflection Paper free essay sample

Explain the role of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan, considering stakeholder needs. †¢ †¢To describe the role of ethic and social responsibility in a strategic plan one must first understand what ethical discussion making is. Business ethics is how the organization cares for their employees and the society as a whole. To make an ethical discussion three elements or integral parts must be consider. Awareness, Articulation, and Application. Awareness is making discussion good discussion from an ethical view which is the foundation of ethical discussion making. Articulation is the ability to express your emphases point of view, and application is daily putting to use good discussion making from an ethical viewpoint. Strategic planning decides the general course and objective of the business. As a result, strategic planning controls many parts of the organization such as the services and product that will be offered and how it will be deliberated. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning and Implementation Ethic Reflection Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Corporate social responsibility is a very important element of the organization. Organization must be social responsible to stay in business. CSR help creates a good image for your organization a good reputation and trust is an organization precious possessions. CSR is good for the employees. Most people have a desire to do good it gives employees a sense of purpose and meaning when the work that they do have made a positive change. When an organization has a good reputation it draws and maintains good employees. This cut down on cost of hiring and training new people. Organizations that make ethical discussions as best practice for the company often remain out of the media with negative publicity. These practice benefits stakeholders and the organization as a whole. When developing a strategic plan many factors have to be considered and ethic and social responsibility is included. It is important that an organizations strategic plan recognize as well, must supervise recent and change regulations from regulatory agencies such as the IRS, FDA, ERISA, and others. Organization should have departments within the company to guarantee that the company is in observance with all regulatory necessities. Once these regulatory requirements are in place, the company can move towards improving the company’s image. Organizations often offer ethic trainings to the employees as a whole. Explain how your ethical perspective has evolved throughout the program. I believe that there is no absolute standard of right and wrong as a whole. Giving different information and situation, each person beliefs and value system is different, and may change depending upon the circumstances. When dealing with daily work experiences everyone perspectives are different and need to be respected. In conclusion ethical discussion making is a vital part of an organization strategic planning success. It is very important that the company’s mission statement is clear and consist to reflect the goals and direction of the organization so that the desire outcome is encourage and achieved by company as a whole from upper management, stakeholder and every employee. †¢